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GEOSPATIAL BASED APPROACH FOR SOIL EROSION MODELLING IN PART OF IMO STATE

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 Format: MS WORD ::   Chapters: 1-5 ::   Pages: 60 ::   Attributes: Questionnaire, Data Analysis ::   284 people found this useful
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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Erosion is a morphological operation during which an object is decreased in size by the removal of materials from around its total mass. Erosion is facilitated by numerous factors and processes such as land use, topography, climate, and soil. Thus, the actions of man such as encroachment of agricultural activities on forest areas, deforestation for commercial and industrial purposes, urbanization and general misuse of land, as well as the effect of climatic changes such as high rainfall regime, drought, and desertification, tend to exacerbate the impact of soil erosion on the environment (UNESCO, 2009). Many authors (Ofomata 1981, Egboka and Okpoko 1984, Osuji et al 1984, Aneke 1986, Onyekwelu 1986) have described the erosion problem based on the geology indicating that it is a natural process which precedes slowly as long as the earth surface is protected, e.g. by the thick tropical rain forest in Africa. In Imo State, much of this forest has been removed to give room for expansion and development owing to the geometrical increase in population on the land. The Soil becomes exposed to the erosive power of the rain and fast runoff increases from enlarged impervious surfaces such as sheet metal roofs, roadsand footpaths. The accelerated Soil erosion that results has been described as an urbanization phenomenon (Okoye 1986). Research has, however revealed that the human component in Soil erosion is often exaggerated to be the major cause of erosion in southeastern Nigeria while, the effects of the physical component are underestimated (Ofomata, 1965). This has often led to the rather simplistic view that Soil erosion is as a result of so-called ―bad farming techniques‖. Assessing the soil erosion rate is essential for the development of adequate erosion prevention measures for sustainable management of land and water resources. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies are valuable tools in developing environmental models through their advance features of data storage, management, analysis, and display. The most common empirical erosion prediction models, integrating with RS and GIS, are; Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), and Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE), which can be used for erosion risk mapping. The RUSLE was developed to estimate the annual soil loss per unit area based on erosion factors including soil erodibility, topography, rainfall, and vegetation cover. In the WEPP model, sediment yield and erosion rates were estimated for multiple time periods based on specific erosion factors. While in the CORINE model, actual soil erosion risk is determined by combining two parameters including potential soil erosion risk data and vegetation cover data. The soil loss computed by RUSLE is the amount of sediment lost from a landscape profile described by the user. A landscape profile is defined by a slope length, which is the length from the origin of overland flow to the point where the flow reaches a major flow concentration or a major area of deposition. The soil loss is an average erosion rate for the landscape profile. Erosion can vary widely even on a uniform slope, depending on slope position and configuration of the slope profile. RUSLE does not estimate the amount of sediment leaving a field or watershed, but estimates soil movement at a particular site.


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Project Information

Format:MS WORD
Chapter:1-5
Pages:60
Attribute:Questionnaire, Data Analysis
Price:₦3,000
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