CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Operational Efficiency is defined as the extent to which changes in the cash conversion cycle, operating expenses to sales revenue ratio, operating cash flow, total asset turnover, total debt to total assets ratio, organization size, and operating risk impact the future performance of the organization. The term ‘efficiency’ is viewed in both the industrial organization and strategic management literature as the product of organization-specific factors such as management skills, innovation, cost control, and market share as determinants of current operational efficiency of an organization and its stability (Abuzayed & Molyneux, 2019). Although the concept of efficiency has been used widely for bank valuation, it has not been used greatly in valuation studies related to other private industry organizations. The present study was conducted using accounting measures to investigate the impact of changes in OE on changes in future operational efficiency of an organization like the Nigerian police.
The Nigerian police could be said to have been established as early as 1863 when Lt. Glover of the Royal Navy chose eighteen indigenes from Northern Nigeria and organized them into a local force known as "Glover Hausa''. This small force in which no woman was recruited was used by Glover (then Governor of Lagos) to mount expedition in Lagos hinterland and to protect British trade routes around Lagos. In 1865, the "Glover Hausa" was constituted into a regular force and became known as the "Hausa Constabulary". It performed both Police and Military duties for the colonial government in Lagos, Its name was changed to Lagos B: lllalioll ill 190 I, when it was incorporated into the West African Frontier Force (W AFF). The Nigerian policeoperation efficiency has improved overtime since its inception with advancement in the level of technology such as artificial intelligence and other security system implementation. AI research goals, including theoretical thinking Theoretical goals Knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, understanding, and the ability to move and manage objects general education (the ability to solve problems unilaterally) is one of the long-term goals of the field. To solve these problems, AI researchers use mathematical version search and optimization official logic Neural systems and statistics, methods, and probability-based economics are used in AI computer science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields. It was morally justified in creating philosophical debates about the mind and creating intellectual artificiality creatures with human minds. These topics have been explored since ancient times through fairy tales, fantasy and philosophy. Some people think that AI is dangerous to humans if used without help. Others see AI as the opposite of the previous technological revolution. This poses a widespread unemployment risk. Artificial intelligence is a way of thinking about the mind of a person who has a computer, a robot, or a product. AI is the way the human brain thinks, learns, defines, and functions as it tries to solve problems. As a result, this research yields results. Genius AI's goals are: to solve problems related to human understanding computer operations, such as thinking, learning, and problem solving related to security issues and operational efficiency of security agencies like the military etc.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of Computer Science concerned with the study and creation of computer systems. Artificial intelligence exhibits some form of intelligence by way of introducing systems that learn new concepts and tasks and also have the ability to reason and draw useful conclusions about the world. Artificial intelligence systems also can understand a natural language or perceive and comprehend a visual scene, and perform other types of feats that require human types of intelligence (Freitas, 1999). Artificial intelligence research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers (Drexler, 1986). Artificial intelligence research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems (or goals) of artificial intelligence research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is still among the field's long-term goals (Bostrom, 2002). Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic artificial intelligence. There are a large number of tools used in artificial intelligence, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others. The artificial intelligence field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and professions converge, including computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized fields such as artificial psychology (Hanson, 1998).
Global investments in artificial intelligence for economic and national security purposes are increasingly being described as an arms race. The character of AI technology, like robotics, makes many countries well-positioned to design and deploy it for military purposes. In Southeast Asia, Singapore is on the cutting edge of AI investments (both military and non-military). In the military domain, South Korea has developed the SGR-A1, a semi-autonomous weapon system designed to protect the demilitarised zone from attack by North Korea and others.
In Africa, Counterfeit Insights (AI) is among the key empowering innovations that will drive the continent’s advanced economy. AI gives endless roads for both the open and the private segments to optimize arrangements to the foremost significant issues confronting the landmass today, especially for battling industries/sectors such as healthcare and agribusiness (Travaly and Muvunyi, 2020). Imaginative shapes of benefit conveyance and back empowered by AI frameworks are paramount since of its pivotal part in expanding powerless educate and segments for the benefit of the society and economy. For illustration, supporters claim that AI venture in sub-Saharan Africa will offer assistance progress human skill, progress efficiency, and improve early disease detection and reconnaissance within the wellbeing division (Smith & Neupane, 2018). AI moreover has the control to transform the way governments provide open administrations, as this might altogether improve citizens’ encounters of government whereas decreasing fetched for individuals getting to these administrations from rural and peri-urban communities. Ultimately Michael (2019) also indicated that Africa has the most youthful populace of youth within the world, so there’s a requirement to build capacity with quality by training some of its exceedingly gifted youth. The youth are an opportunity for African countries to form their stamp within the AI world.
AI technology has proven to aid the collection and analysis of information. Premeditated crimes such as the ones occurring in Nigeria require planning and relay of information, and with increased access to the internet, clues or footprints always exist. AI tools can aid the mining of these data and tracing the trend. Intelligent analysis of collated data can help in identifying criminal characteristics, investigating crimes, and links to the criminals. Identifying criminal tendencies creates the initiative for further investigation; however, this is often challenging due to the complexity and vast amount of data. AI tools can be used to track AI provides a technological solution to the economic challenges faced by governments, organizations, and people at the bottom of the economic pyramid. Integrating data from multiple sources (e.g., websites, social media, and traditional channels) can help organizations build data management platforms, develop sound business strategies, low barriers to doing business, create innovative business models, and spur economic development (Arora, Rahman, & Alon, 2017). Organizations in developing countries may use innovative AI-based solutions to enhance autonomous goods and service delivery, implement production automation, and develop mobile AI apps for services and credit access (Strusani & Houngbonon, 2019). By enhancing productivity, business process automation, financial solution, and government services, AI-based technologies can create opportunities and expand markets. Powered by AI, the public and private sectors in emerging markets can find leapfrogging solutions and work together to reduce poverty and inequality while boosting economic mobility and prosperity (Andrews et al., 2019). Hence, it calls for more research and studies for in-depth analysis and awareness of AI's opportunities and challenges in an emerging market economy. The recent literature findings suggest that the organizations may enhance their value by adopting IT and organization structure. Numerous studies have been undertaken in Artificial Intelligence, but a few studies have been focused on the association between AI and operational efficiency.
The artificial intelligence is very importance in the operational efficiency of the Nigeria police. This explains that AI is increasingly becoming a key component of national security. As Nigeria’s 2017 Task Force report states: “AI can be a force-multiplier for several national security missions. In view of this, national security imperatives require that technology-based force multipliers be developed. In doing so, some areas where AI-based systems could be usefully deployed are: autonomous surveillance and combat systems, adaptive communications systems, AI-based cyber attack mitigation and counter-attack systems and, multi-sensor data fusion-based decision-making systems.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Unarguably, Nigeria in recent times has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. This has made national security threat to be a major issue for the government and has prompted the senate to insist that increased budgets for the security and defence sectors to address the current security challenges are crucial in winning the war against insurgency, banditry, kidnappings and other crimes (Jimoh, Okwe, Abuh, Daka & Afolabi, 2021).
In order to ameliorate the incidence of crime, the federal government has embarked on criminalization of terrorism by passing the Anti-Terrorism Act in 2011, and installation of Computer-based Closed Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) in some parts of the country. Furthermore, the government has enhanced surveillance in all parts of the country especially in the Northeast with intensified surveillance and patrol activities along the Abuja – Kaduna road as well as investigation of criminal related offences and heightening of physical security measures in the country (Angbulu, 2021).
The government is also strengthening security agencies through the provision of security facilities and the development and broadcast of security tips in the mass media; these measures are targeted at deterring or disrupting potentials attacks. (Angbulu, 2021). Despite these efforts, the level of insecurity in the country is still very high. Although the President of Nigeria claimed during his first year in office that Islamist militant group Boko Haram had been "technically" defeated, President Buhari now admits that his government is failing to stop the insurgency, which began in the north-east. Hence, it could be argued that the efforts of government have not yielded enough positive result.
On how artificial intelligence is transforming the world, West & Allen (2018) posit that AI is not a futuristic vision rather something that is here with us. It is being deployed into a variety of sectors such as finance, healthcare, criminal justice, transportation and national security which is the focus of this work. Radulov (2019) explains that it may even be possible for robots to perform basic police functions. Accordingly, if the police has high-quality computerized systems with the scope of an AI, much of their routine office work can be done by the intelligent security gadgets, resulting in new reservations being made to increase police presence in urban areas. AI can also be positioned to ensure the monitoring of video-data flows and data collected from a large number of sensors and to warn security services of suspicious activity, Radulov (2019). Similarly, AI can help companies prevent cyber-crime that can cause financial damage and harm their reputation by training it to recognize keywords or topics related to harmful content, thus stopping the potential cyber-attack (Radulov, 2019). Again, a common method of combating crime using AI is the Face Detection Technology. It is often used at airports to include mapping of human images into law enforcement database files, which allows identification of the perpetrator. Prevention of crimes of a terrorist nature through scanning of social networks to find people who can be radicalized is another activity that AI can effectively perform after appropriate training. Nowadays, some law enforcement agencies are already using social networking monitoring and analysis to prevent attempts to recruit new members of terrorist organizations such as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and others like them (Radulov, 2019).
While for many countries, the prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) are exciting, the dawn of AI in Africa conjure up the kinds of innovations people see in science fiction (Novitske, 2018). In Africa, the arrival of AI carries with it a fear of falling further behind more-developed economies, rather than the anticipation of new technology because of the fear that it will lead to loss of jobs by millions of people.
The AI is very important to the Nigeria police especially in the area of fighting terrorism and banditry. The security challenges in Nigeria are multidimensional, arising from many angles: Boko Haram, herdsmen, bandits, unknown gunmen, kidnapers, militants and separatist agitators. Solutions to the problems seem not to be near as these insurgent groups are growing in strength, capacity and sophistication. The activities of the various groups have perpetuated human sufferings, loss of lives and living in fears in the country. It looks like Nigeria is now a captured state existing at the mercy of its assailants because the governments at all levels are not doing enough. It is to this regard the study is based on artificial intelligence and operational efficiency with focus on the Nigeria police.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to evaluate artificial intelligence and Nigerian police efficiency in curbing criminal operations in northern Nigeria. The objectives of the study are:
- To determine the correlation between artificial intelligence and Nigerian police efficiency in curbing criminal operations in northern Nigeria
- To ascertain the importance for artificial intelligence (AI) in the Nigerian police
- To identify the challenges of improving the operational efficiency of the Nigerian police using artificial intelligence
- To strategies to overcome the challenges to improving the operational efficiency of the Nigerian police with artificial intelligence
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study on artificial intelligence and operational efficiency will be of immense benefit to the Nigerian police and other security agencies in Nigeria
This study will enable policy makers in the Nigerian police, Nigeria civil defence (NCD) towards the implementation of policies that will create awareness on the need for the improvement of the use of AI in the Nigerian police. These may include but not limited to the 3 Arms of Government, National Security Council (NSC), National Defence Council, Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and other key stakeholders of national security and development
The implementation and improvement of the use of artificial intelligence in the Nigerian police will enable them improve their performance in combating crimes and other security challenges because the use of AI will show the Nigerian police crime and threats areas and ways to surround the crime scene.
The study will also serve as a source of information to the Nigeria police academy and other higher institutions as regard artificial intelligence and Nigerian police efficiency in curbing criminal operations in northern Nigeria.
The study will contribute to the body of the existing literature on artificial intelligence and operational efficiency in the Nigerian police and provide basis for further research
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study covers on artificial intelligence and operational efficiency with focus on the Nigerian police
This study covers for a period of ten (10) years i.e 2012-2022. This is because during this period there is growth in the use of information communication technology and the use of AI in most developed countries of the world was visible enough for the whole world to see.
This study focused primarily on two states in the northern part (borno state, and Kaduna) of Nigeria because of constant terrorist attack and armed banditry activities.
This study only focused on the correlation between the artificial intelligence and Nigerian police efficiency in curbing criminal operations in northern Nigeria. This study did not cover the areas of cost implication
