CHAPTER ONE: METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION 

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Philosopher David Boonin who is a prominent advocate of abortion rights, is in my opinion, one of the most sophisticated defenders of abortion rights out of the authors I have read. He is somewhat different from most abortion rights advocates in that he wants to craft an argument that will support abortion rights but will avoid the pitfall of infanticide.[1] Since most arguments that deny the personhood of the unborn could very well be used to justify infanticide, Boonin does not want to go that route. What he will do is argue that even though both the unborn and newborn are not self-aware, the newborn is a person because it has a certain cortical brain activity that allows it to have desires. Once it has the ability to have desires, it can desire a right to life and hence have a right to life. We might call this the “desire” argument for convenience. Boonin’s argument, as outlined in Francis Beckwith’s essay Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin’s A Defense of Abortion, can be seen as follows:

A. Organized cortical brain activity must be present in order for a being to be capable of conscious experience.

B. Prior to having a conscious experience, a being has no desires,

C. Desires (as understood in Boonin’s taxonomy; see below) are necessary in order for a being to have a right to life.

D. The fetus acquires organized cortical brain activity between 25 and 32 weeks gestation,

E. Therefore, the fetus has no right to life prior to organized cortical brain activity.

Boonin makes several key distinctions between having certain desires: occurrent, dispositional, ideal, and actual desires. Occurrent desires are desires you have and are directly aware of them. For example I have the occurrent desire to finish this paper. However, you have a dispositional desire “if it is a desire that you do have right now even if you are not thinking about at just this moment, such as your desire to live a good long life.” (Beckwith 186) Ideal desires are ones you have if you had additional information that would alter your actual desires. An example would be if you walked outside by the pool and there was an anaconda within 5 feet from you. But you had no idea. Ideally, you desire to be out of the area because your life could be in danger even though your actual desire is to be by the pool. The unborn, unlike newborns and people temporarily in comas, does not have dispositional or ideal desires since it lacks the organized cortical brain activity. Hence, killing the unborn is permissible but it would not be permissible to kill newborns or comatose people.[2]

There are two responses Beckwith gives to Boonin’s argument but I will only focus on one for the sake of time. Beckwith claims that Boonin’s argument cannot account for possible indoctrination of someone to no longer believe they have a right to life. Beckwith writes, “a person, such as a slave, may be indoctrinated to believe he has no interests, but he still has a prima facie right not to be killed, even if he has no conscious desire for, or interest in, a right to life. Even if the slave is never killed, we would think that he has been harmed precisely because his desires and interests have been obstructed from coming to fruition.” (Beckwith 187). But Boonin might respond by saying that the slave did have a right to life because he had ideal desires, which included the right to life, even though his actual or occurrent desires ran in the opposite direction.

If Boonin is right that desires determine whether one has a right to life, and since the fetus’s brain structure was deliberately altered so as to prevent it from having desires, it follows that the fetus was not harmed in what happened. Was the fetus in fact harmed by this operation? I would say yes but how would Boonin account for the wrongness of this act? Because according to his account of personhood, it is precisely the presence of organized cortical brain activity that establishes the capacity for the fetus to have desires and a right to life. But prior to that stage, the fetus does not have any desires or interests for anything and hence cannot be harmed because it does not have the present desire not to be harmed or killed. Only persons who have interests or desires not to be harmed – whether actual or dispositional – cannot be harmed or killed without moral justification. But since the fetus lacked all of these qualities, it was not harmed by the surgery and it was not deprived of anything since it did not have desires, if you accept Boonin’s argument for desires grounding a right to life.

To make it even more absurd, suppose you had a mother who intentionally wanted to give birth to three children who had no desires for anything since their brain structure was operated upon in such a way so as to prevent any desire capable state of ever arising prior to their reaching organized cortical brain activity. And after giving birth to them, she kills them, harvests their eggs, and donates them to the Center for Disease Control for research. Has she done something morally wrong? Yes because she deliberately consented to an operation that blocked the fetuses’ developmental capacity of being directly able to desire anything and hence she hindered its growth process. On the substance view of persons, the fetus was harmed because its potential growth was blocked from coming to completion, not merely because it failed to reach the state of desiring anything. At the end of the day, Boonin’s account for personhood fails for justifying why intentionally preventing someone from ever having desires prior to reaching organized cortical brain activity would be morally wrong or why it would harm the subject in question.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

There seems to be a more serious objection for Boonin’s desire account for personhood. Beckwith illustrates this well: “Imagine that you own one of these indoctrinated slaves and she is pregnant with a fetus that has not reached the point of organized cortical brain activity. Because you have become convinced that Boonin’s view of desires is correct, and this you are starting to have doubts about the morality of indoctrinating people with already organized cortical brain activity to become slaves, you hire a scientist who is able to alter the fetus’s brain development in such a way that its organized cortical brain activity prevents the fetus from ever having desires for liberty or a right to life.” (Beckwith 188). As a result of this operation, the fetus’s potential and basic capabilities to form into a more mature human being who will eventually have desires and possess organized cortical brain activity will never come to pass.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of the study are to examine David Boonin’s justification for abortion. Other objectives of the study are to determine:

1. Causes and Effects of Abortion
2. Consequences of unsafe abortion
3. the rights  conferred upon a fetus
4. signal inconsistencies’ and the descritpive claim of right of abortion

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this topic and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their work.

This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a bench mark or guide for other work or study. It avails individuals with information about examine David Boonin’s justification for abortion.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The outcome of this research will create awareness to both the general public on examination of David Boonin’s justification for abortion. This research will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the examination of David Boonin’s justification for abortion.

1.6 METHOD OF THE STUDY

The methodology of this study is based on a qualitiative design (interview) and the use of review of related literature

 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY  

The study covers on examination of David Boonin’s justification for abortion

 1.8 CLARIFICATION OF TERMS

Abortion: Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF STUDY   

The chapter one of this study consist of the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives of the study. The significance of the study, the justification of the study. The scope of the study and clarification of terms. The chapter two covers review of literature. The chapter three covers the biography of the author. The chapter four deals with the main issue of the topic while the chapter five consist of the conclusion and recommnendation.

[1] David Boonin. 2003. A Defense of Abortion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

[2] David Boonin. 2003. A Defense of Abortion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press