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PHOTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANTS CAPACITY OF N-HEXANE EXTRACT OF ANTHOCLEISTA GRANDIFLORA

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 Format: MS WORD ::   Chapters: 1-5 ::   Pages: 57 ::   Attributes: Data Analysis, Experiment ::   130 people found this useful
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Medicinal plants, medicinal herbs, or simply herbs have been identified and used from prehistoric times. Plants make many chemical compounds for biological functions, including defense against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. Over 12,000 active compounds are known to science. These chemicals work on the human body in exactly the same way as pharmaceutical drugs, so herbal medicines can be beneficial and have harmful side effect just like conventional drugs. However, since a single plant may contain many substances, the effect of taking a plant medicine may be complex. The earliest historical records of herbs are found from the Sumerian civilization, where hundreds of medicinal plants including opium are listed on clay tablets.

The Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt describes over 850 plant medicines, while Dioscorides documented over recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica, forming the basis of pharmacopoeids for some 1500 years.

Drug research makes use of ethno-botany to search for pharmacologically active substances in nature, and has in this way discovered hundreds of useful compounds, and includes the common drugs aspirin, digoxin, quinine, and opium.

The compound found in plants are of many kinds, but most are in four major biochemical classes, the alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols and terpenes. Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices, have been used as medicines from prehistoric times. Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot climates (Tapsell, Hemphill, et al, 2006). Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993).

Plants contain phytochemicals (phenolics, phenolic acids, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols and tannins) with (Molyneux P, 2004) antioxidant properties in varying degrees. Antioxidants are free radical scavengers which protect the human (Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin M, Mazur M, 2007) body against the deleterious effects of free radicals. The antioxidants present in plants are capable of neutralizing these free radicals by donating required (Harborne et al., 1999) number of electrons to stabilize them. Free radicals have been linked to various pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, male infertility and cancer (Catala A, 2009). They are naturally produced in the body as a result of chemical reactions during cellular and biochemical processes.

Physiologically, the oxygenated free radicals are among the most important radical species. A number of chemical and physical phenomena can initiate oxidation, which proceeds continuously in the presence of substrate until a blocking defense mechanism occurs (Antolovic et al., 2002). Target substances for oxidative stress include polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, oxygen and DNA.

In recent years, there has been a tremendous surge in interest in antioxidants of plant origin. Many reported scientific studies on in-vitro antioxidant activities of medicinal plants have supported the idea that plant constituents with antioxidant activity have the ability of providing protection against oxidative stress in humans (Cruz M, et al., 2001). Anthocleista djalonensis belongs to the family Loganiaceae. It have been used traditionally as antiinfectives, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoal, anti spasmodic, fertility enhancer. Different phytochemicals from A. djalonensis have been isolated and reported.

The antioxidant activity of the root extract of the plant has not been reported. Since oxidative stress is reported to be a hallmark in the pathogenesis of various disease conditions. Hence the objective of the present study was to evaluate the invitro antioxidant activity and to determine quantitatively the total phenolics and flavonoid contents. This will provide a scientific basis for its use in ethnomedicine as a source of antioxidants for treating disease conditions linked to oxidative stress caused by free radicals.

  1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A. grandiflora is a multipurpose plant used traditionally as remedy for some ailments. The leaves and bark are use as malaria remedy whereas the bark is use as remedy for diarrhea, hypertension, diabetes, and venereal disease (Foden and Potter, 2005). The bark is also used to treat epilepsy, fever, and hepatitis. In vitro tests showed it has activity against pathogens that are of public health concern (Boon, 2010). Investigation of its stem bark showed the presence of phytochemicals of medicinal significance (Magadulaa et al., 2008; Odeghe et al., 2012). This study will carry out a photochemical screening and antioxidants capacity of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study seeks to carry out a photochemical screening and antioxidants capacity of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora. The objectives of the study are:

  1. To determine chemical composition of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora
  2. To determine the physical properties of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora
  3. To identify the factors affecting N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The study on photochemical screening and antioxidants capacity of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora will be of immense help to the entire higher institutions in Nigeria. The study findings of the study will show the chemical and physical composition of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora. The study will also serve as a source of information to higher institutions and other researchers and contribute to the body of the existing literature on photochemical screening and antioxidants capacity of N-hexane extract of anthocleista grandiflora.


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Project Information

Format:MS WORD
Chapter:1-5
Pages:57
Attribute:Data Analysis, Experiment
Price:₦3,000
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