CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Researchers in building sector have indicated that between 50 to 60 per cent of the total construction input goes into building materials. As a result, there is an urgent need to address the high cost of these products which is said to have slowed down the growth of the building and construction sector in Nigeria.Building materials constitute the largest single input in housing construction. While Adedeji(2010) observed that about sixty (60) per cent of the total housing expenditure goes for the purchase of building materials, Arayela(2005) averred that the cost of building materials constitute about 65 percent of the construction cost.

Ogunsemi (2010) opined that building materials formthe main factors that restricts the supply of housing andascertained that they account for between 50-60 percentof the cost of buildings. Thus, Adedeji (2002) rightly observed that one main barrier to the realization of effective housing in Nigeria as revealed in successive government efforts has been the cost of housing in the country. He argued that in the early periods, shelter in Nigeria was easily affordable as building materials were sourced from the immediate environment at affordable costs. Technology also was readily available withcommensurate simple techniques. But contact with the outside world through interregional and international training of professionals in foreign countries as occasioned by colonization, brought changes to tastes and hence outlook to house forms. These changes rendered the undeveloped local building materials inadequate while there was an increased demand for exotic ones. Accordingly, Arayela (2002) posited that the modern building industry lays much emphasis on sophisticated building materials and techniques that are expensive and energy consuming. Though, housing delivery efforts have evidently been inhibited by prohibitive costs of building materials,this problem cannot be reasonably and reliably overcome by merely resorting to the use of locally available materials without due considerations to the applicable initiative, the cost of processing and sustainability of the local materials. One of the most important components of asustainable building is the material efficiency. Correct selection of building materials can be performed by taking into account their complete life span and by choosing products with the minimal environmental impacts. For instance, González and Navarro (2006) estimated that the selection of building materials with low environmental impacts can reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by up to 30%. The use of renewable and recycled sources is widely encouraged as the life-cycle of a building and its elements can be closed (Chwieduk, 2003). The major factor that greatly affectthe selection of building materials are their costs and social requirements such as thermal comfort, good mechanical properties (strength and durability), aesthetic characteristics and an ability to construct quickly. Ideally, the combination of all environmental, economic and social factors can give a clear description of a material, and thus helps in a decision making process regarding the cost of the materials suitable for buildings (Abeysundara, et, al.,2009) . Nigerians would continue to pay more for accommodation in major cities until the cost of building materials is subsidized through probably through tax reduction. The instability in the price of building materials was posited as a direct result of high taxes which in turn impacts on the cost of accommodation in major cities across the country.According to Arayela (2002), many completed housing estates had remained unoccupied because of the high rental and sale prices attached to them as against the meager income of the average Nigerian workers. He also added that if government can revitalise our industrial base, the cost of building materials will come down and many more people would be able to build houses.He therefore  urged the Federal Government to provide tax relief for local manufacturers and importers of building materials in order to reduce the high cost of accommodation in major cities.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Building materials have been playing an important role inthe construction industry—they are those materials puttogether in erecting or constructing structures, no field ofengineering is conceivable without their use (Akanni, 2006;Udosen&Akanni, 2010). Building materials contributeimmensely to the quality and cost of housing, from what isused in the foundation to the materials for roofing and finishes,while the building materials industry is an importantcontributor to the national economy of any nation as its outputgoverns both the rate and the quality of constructionwork.

The cost of building materials poses a significant threat toboth the construction industry and people aspiring to ownhouses (Anosike, 2009; Mekson, 2008; Mohammed, 2008;Njoku, 2007); for example, a bag of cement, which is valuedat Ν1,350.00 in 2006, goes as high as Ν1,850.00 in 2009(Anosike, 2009) depicting about 37% increment; the baggoes as high as Ν2,000.00 in 2015 during peak season (field survey 2015). Supporting this view, Jagboro and Owoeye(2004) earlier established that increase in the prices of buildingmaterials has multiplier effects on housing development whileIdoro and Jolaiya (2010) affirmed that many projects werenot completed on time due to the cost of materials, whichhave been on the increase. Besides timely completion, highprices of building materials form a crucial constraint toimproving housing conditions in Nigeria (United Nations Centre forHuman Settlement [UNCHS], 1993).

In spite of the past studies on the cost of building materialsin Nigeria, little is publicized about the implications ofthe rise in cost on the construction industry; most literature(Jagboro&Owoeye, 2004; Mekson, 2008; Njoku, 2007;Oladipo& Oni, 2012) has concentrated on identifying thecauses with little emphasis on the implications; hence, theresearch seeks to provide information on the effect of cost of building materials on housing development in Nigeria.

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

1. To examine the effect of building materials cost on housing development in Nigeria.
2. To determine the factors responsible for high cost of building materials in Nigeria.
3. To proffer solutions that will reduce the cost of building material to ensure adequate housing development in Nigeria.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the effect of building materials cost on housing development in Nigeria?
2. What are the factors responsible for high cost of building materials in Nigeria?
3. What are the solutions that can reduce the cost of building material to ensure adequate housing development in Nigeria?

1.5   HYPOTHESIS

HO: Cost of building materials does not affect housing development in Nigeria.

HA: Cost of building materials does affect housing development in Nigeria.

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

1. Findings from this study will educate the general public on the current market cost of building materials in Nigeria and its effect on sustainable housing development in Nigeria.
2. The results of this study will sensitize the policy makers and the government on the need to make and implement policies that will reduce the cost of building materials in Nigeria thereby encouraging massive housing development all over the country.
3. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7   SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study on the effect of building materials cost on housing development in Nigeria will cover the current prices of building material in Nigeria focusing on how it has influenced the provision of affordable housing for the Nigerian populace.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

REFERENCES

Abeysundara UG, Babel S, Gheewala S (2009). A matrix in life cycleperspective for selecting sustainable materials for buildings in SriLanka. Build. Environ. 44: 997-1004

Adedeji YMD (2002). Achieving affordable housing in South-WestNigeria through Local building material. J. Environ. Technol. 1(2): 15-21,

Adedeji YMD (2010). Technology and standardised composite cementfibres for housing in Nigeria. J. Niger. Inst. Archit. 1: 19-24.

Akanni, P. O. (2006, August). Small scale building material productionin the context of the informal economy.The ProfessionalBuilders, pp. 13-18.

Anosike, P. (2009, April 6). Nigerian groans under high cost ofbuilding material. The Daily Sun, pp. 38-39.

Arayela O. (2005). Laterite bricks: before now and hereafter. Inaugurallecture series 40 delivered at Federal University of Technology,Akure, 5-15.

Chwieduk D (2003). Towards sustainable-energy buildings. Appl.Energy, 76: 211-217.

González MJ, Navarro JG (2006). Assessment of the decrease of CO2emissions in the construction field through the selection of materials:Practical case study of three houses of low environmental impact.Build. Environ. 41: 902-909

Jagboro, G. O., &Owoeye, C. O. (2004).A model for predictingthe prices of building materials using the exchange rate inNigeria.The Malaysian Surveyor, 5(6), 9-14.

Mekson, J. (2008, August). Prices change of building materials indeveloping communities in Nigeria. The Professional Builders,pp. 21-27.

Mohammed, H. Y. (2008, December 25). Nigeria: Builders groanon rising cost of building materials. Daily Trust, p. 29.

Njoku, J. (2007, April 9). Grappling with escalating cost of constructionmaterials.The Vanguard, pp. 36-37.

Ogunsemi DR (2010). The use of enough quality and quantity materialsfor building a durable edifice. A Lecture delivered at CampusTransformation Network, Federal University of Technology, Akure

Udosen, J. U., &Akanni, P. O. (2010). A factorial analysis ofbuilding material wastage associated with construction projects.Journal of Civil and Environmental Systems Engineering,11(2), 81-90.

United Nations Centre for Human Settlement. (1993). Buildingmaterials for housing: Appropriate intermediate, cost effectivebuilding materials, technology and transfer mechanismfor housing delivery. Retrieved from http://ww2.unhabitat.org/programmes/housingpolicy/documents/HS.C.14.7.htm