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HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY DURING A LOW-INTENSE ACUTE AEROBIC RUNNING AMONG BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY ATHLETES

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 Format: MS WORD ::   Chapters: 1-5 ::   Pages: 67 ::   Attributes: Questionnaire, Data Analysis, Abstract ::   1,895 people found this useful

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Studies have shown a direct, strong, independent and continuous relation between blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality without any evidence of a threshold down to at least 115/ 75 mm Hg.1 Further, it has been demonstrated that, as compared with optimal BP, normal and highnormal BP are associated with a higher incidence of CV disease on 10-year follow-up.2 Moreover, a continuous gradient of increasing risk was observed across the three non-hypertensive BP categories.2 Next, a high resting heart rate (HR),3 slow HR recovery after acute exercise 4,5 and impaired cardiac autonomic function, which is noticeable by decreased HR variability (HRV),6,7 are all independent predictors of CV disease and mortality across diverse populations. Physical activity is recommended for the prevention of CV disease in general, and for the prevention, treatment and control of high BP in particular.8,9 However, increasing rates of urbanization and associated behavioural changes have led to a higher prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle in Western Societies. Moreover, whereas aging is associated with an impairment of autonomic balance and an increase in BP, daily exercise tends to decrease in older participants.10 when recommending physical activity, the dose-response question is an important issue. It refers to the relation between increasing doses of physical activity and changes in a defined health parameter. Nowadays, unanswered questions with practical and clinical implications include will older sedentary individuals reduce their CV risk if they perform exercise at lower intensity (LI) and if so, are these improvements similar to those obtained with an identical training programme at higher intensity (HI)?9 A better understanding of the physical activity dose-response relation is important, particularly in an aging population at increased risk of developing CV or other chronic diseases. If physical activity at LI is effective, it could then be easily recommended to the older sedentary individuals and contribute to a reduction of CV risk at higher age. A meta-analysis on the influence of aerobic endurance training on BP could not satisfactorily answer the question on training intensity and BP.11 Further, regular physical activity has been shown to lower resting HR;12 to improve HR recovery after acute exercise12,13 and to increase global HRV14–16 in several studies, though not all.15,17–19 These equivocal results could be because of differences in training characteristics. That is, results from individual studies suggest that indexes of HRV may be more beneficially modulated when training is performed at higher intensities.20 However, most of these studies also differ with regard to study participants, training duration, modalities and frequency. Therefore, there is need for randomized crossover studies in which each participant is trained at both LI and HI, and in which duration, frequency and mode of training are held constant. The current report was performed, and should be seen, in the context of the overall study protocol of a more comprehensive research trial,21 in which we primarily aimed to investigate whether training at LI (33% of HR reserve (HRR)) has an effect on BP, CV risk factors and BP-regulating mechanisms, and whether the effect is comparable with an identical training programme at HI (66% of HRR) in at least 55-year-old healthy sedentary men and women. We already performed that both training intensities reduced systolic BP (SBP) at rest and during submaximal exercise by approximately 4–6 mm Hg, whereas only HI training significantly reduced DBP (diastolic BP).21

  1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A reduction of the cardiac vagal tone, thus of HR and blood pressure variability, regardless of the measuring protocol, is related to autonomic dysfunction, chronic-degenerative diseases, and increased mortality risk 31-37, thus representing an important indicator of health status 38,39. An isolated decrease of HR and blood pressure variability reflects a two- to five-fold increase in the relative mortality risk due to a cardiac event 33, 40; when associated to a significant decrease of baroreflex sensitivity (< 3 ms/mmHg), this relative risk may reach a 7-fold increase 33. On the other hand, in individuals with congestive heart failure, even small increases in HR variability indices, such as standard-deviation of normal RR intervals (time domain), may decrease mortality risk in up to 20%32. For this reason, and for its predominance on resting, cardiac vagal activity has been addressed in a number of trials, especially when it relates to physical activity. Today, at the light of science, one cannot deny that aerobic training leads to improvement in the maximum oxygen uptake15,41,42, due to, at least in part, an increase of cardiac output from an increase in the systolic volume. Maximal HR does not tend to change, whereas somewhat smaller values may be seen in rest and, especially, during submaximal exercise43, and are probably related to mechanisms such as increase of venous return and myocardial contractility44. Furthermore, maximum O2 uptake, both absolute, and gender and age-related, is an important longevity factor, i.e., the higher the aerobic conditions of an individual, the smaller his/her mortality risk3,45,46. These adjustments of HR behavior from aerobic training may also be due to changes in the sympathetic-vagal balance or intrinsic adaptations, such as improvement in the atrioventricular conduction system47. Some studies suggest that the mere practice of physical exercises is not enough to effectively decrease mortality risk, being necessary that the training program be capable of promoting adjustments in both, the individual’s aerobic condition 3,45,46 and the autonomic function4

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the research work is to examine heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes. The specific objectives of the study are:

  1. to determine the difference in heart rate and blood pressure during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes
  2. to determine whether gender influence heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes
  3. to the effect of weight on  heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes
  4. to recommend ways to control heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study came up with research questions so as to ascertain the above stated objectives of the study. The following research questions guide the objectives of the study:

  1. What is the difference in heart rate and blood pressure during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes?
  2. Does gender influence heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes?
  3. What is the effect of weight on heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes?
  4. What are the ways to control heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes?

1.5 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

H01: there is no difference in heart rate and blood pressure during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes

H02: gender does not influence heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running among Benue State University athletes

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study on heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running will be of immense benefit to all Benue State University athletes in Nigeria. The study will identify the causes of heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running and recommend ways to control heart rate and blood pressure among students in Benue State Univerisity. The study will serve as a repository of information to other researchers and students that desire to carry out similar research on the above topic. Finally the study will contribute to the body of the existing literature on heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will cover on heart rate and blood pressure variability during a low-intense acute aerobic running with focus on all Benue State University athletes in Nigeria

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HEART RATE: Heart rate, also known as pulse, is the number of times a person's heart beats per minute. Normal heart rate varies from person to person, but a normal range for adults is 60 to 100 beats per minute, according to the Mayo Clinic

BLOOD PRESSURE: Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure is due to work done by the heart by pumping blood through the circulatory system. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation

 

 


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Paper Information

Format:ms word
Chapter:1-5
Pages:67
Attribute:Questionnaire, Data Analysis, Abstract
Price:₦3,000
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